{"id":144,"date":"2020-07-16T23:49:29","date_gmt":"2020-07-16T23:49:29","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/decolonize-weimar.org\/?page_id=144"},"modified":"2020-12-11T12:07:46","modified_gmt":"2020-12-11T12:07:46","slug":"colonial-imagination","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"http:\/\/decolonize-weimar.org\/en\/karte\/colonial-imagination","title":{"rendered":"Images of Nature and the Colonial Imagination"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

Friedrich Justin Bertuch\u2019s Bilderbuch f\u00fcr Kinder<\/em><\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Nathan Deschamps<\/em><\/h3>\n\n\n\n
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Disclaimer:<\/strong> This article references racist language and appelations.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

By 1790, Friedrich Justin Bertuch (1747\u20131822) was well on his way to building one of the most successful publishing companies of the late-eighteenth and early-nineteenth century in Germany. Der Verlag des Industrie-Comptoirs <\/em>was based in Weimar and operated out of Bertuch\u2019s estate on modern day Karl-Liebknecht-Stra\u00dfe 5 (now the Weimar Stadtmuseum). At its peak it employed up to 450 Weimar locals, producing some 2000 book and magazine titles. One of the most successful of these titles was Das Bilderbuch f\u00fcr Kinder, <\/em>which ran from 1790\u20131830. <\/em>The Bilderbuch <\/em>was widely distributed; it was also one of Bertuch\u2019s longest running publications selling up to 3000 copies per edition over forty years throughout Europe, making it an important source for its role in disseminating images of the colonial world.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Decades before Germans established their own colonial empire (Deutsches Kolonialreich) <\/em>in Africa, Oceania and China since the 1880s, the Bilderbuch <\/em>played a pivotal role in developing a \u2018colonial imagination\u2019 among the burgeoning middleclass (Bildungsb\u00fcrgertum<\/em>). By themid-eighteenth century, a new social class of Germans was emerging. This educated class of non-noble birth continued to grow toward the end of the eighteenth century. They looked outward with a curious disposition to anything from the newest fashions from London and Paris to the newest literature in the European book market. As information became more accessible and widespread, curiosities about the strange, magnificent, and \u2018exotic\u2019 came to the fore in the popular culture of the day. Travel journals from British, Portuguese, Spanish, French, and Dutch explorers about their adventures to \u2018exotic\u2019 places became common fixtures in the homes and Salons of the Bildungsb\u00fcrger. <\/em>This turn outward was facilitated by publications that sought to stimulate the imaginations and intellects of their readership via the presentation of \u2018exotic\u2019 natural wonders, colonial places and colonised people. To this end, children\u2014the next generation of the Bildungsb\u00fcrgertum<\/em>\u2014were no exception; their imagination and intellect were directly appealed to by the publications created in Weimar. Today, Bertuch\u2019s Bilderbuch f\u00fcr Kinder <\/em>continues to be an important example of the relationship between colonialism, science, and popular imagery.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bertuch\u2019s Das Bilderbuch f\u00fcr Kinder<\/em> was meant to be an amusing collection of images with minimal text that would stimulate the imaginations of children while educating them on the wonders of nature. Bertuch exclaimed that his children\u2019s books \u201cmust contain, where possible, strange, rare, but instructive items that the child does not already see daily.\u201d In its first year of publication in 1790, Bertuch announced his new Bilderbuch<\/em> in the Intelligenzblatt<\/em> of his other extremely successful publication, Das Journal des Luxus und der Moden<\/em>:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201eDas Bilderbuch f\u00fcr Kinder <\/em>enth\u00e4lt eine n\u00fctzliche Sammlung von Tieren, Pflanzen, Blumen, Fr\u00fcchten, Mineralien, Trachten und allerhand anderen Unterrichtsgegenst\u00e4nden aus dem Reiche der Natur, der K\u00fcnste und Wissenschaften, alle nach den besten Originalen gew\u00e4hlt und gestochen und mit einer kurzen wissenschaftlichen und den Verstandeskr\u00e4ften eines Kindes angemessenen Erkl\u00e4rung begleitet.\u201c \u201e[The picture book for children, contains  a useful collection of animals, plants, flowers, fruits, minerals, costumes and all sorts of other teaching objects from the realms of nature, the arts and sciences, all selected and engraved according to the best originals and accompanied by a concise scientific explanation appropriate to a child’s intellect].\u201c<\/p><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n

The concept behind the Bilderbuch<\/em> was to introduce children to an \u2018encyclopedia\u2019 of images for the purpose of education and amusement. However, the editions of the book did not follow a rigid set of scientific guidelines. Rather, each edition appeared more like a cabinet of curiosities than a structured, systematic collection of images and information. It is in this ambiguous, subliminal space that the presentation of images takes on an important role in shaping what can be termed the \u201ccolonial imagination.\u201d It is the curation of this \u201ccolonial imagination\u201d that instilled a problematic perspective of the \u2018exotic\u2019 things that one could only find in the as of yet \u2018uncivilised\u2019 corners of the world. To this end, there were seldom any distinctions between the nature of plants and animals or people and cultures. The lines were blurred, and therefore, so were perceptions of life outside of metropolitan Europe.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Das Bilderbuch<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

In a single edition of the Bilderbuch<\/em>, one can find an entry on an \u2018exotic\u2019 species of ape in Java followed by an entry on a colonial settlement in Singapore or Mexico. Each entry offers pictures and a short text. In the case of \u201cJavanese apes,\u201d basic details of the ape\u2019s appearance are offered to the reader:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cSein Gesicht ist h\u00e4sslich, was den hervorragenden Augenbogen, den tief liegenden Augen, der breiten platten Nase, mit gro\u00dfen seitw\u00e4rts stehenden Nasenl\u00f6chern, den eingefallenen Backen und dem fast ganz fehlenden Kinn zuzuschreiben ist, wozu man noch den gro\u00dfen nackten Sack unter der Kehle rechnen muss. Der ganze K\u00f6rper ist mit langen, dicken, weichen dunkelschwarzen, gl\u00e4nzenden den Haaren bedeckt, die, wie bei mehreren Affenarten, am Vorderarme r\u00fcckw\u00e4rts stehen. Besonders merkw\u00fcrdig ist die Vereinigung des Zeige- und Mittelfingers (Abb. 1).\u201d<\/p><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n

Descriptions of the essentialized features of different species is a key dimension of the encyclopedic, scientific style that the Bilderbuch<\/em> employed for its entries. This breakdown of the most obvious, identifiable features, though somewhat crude, can be easily excused in reference to plants, minerals, and animals, however it takes on a different, more controversial meaning when applied to entire cultures, races, ethnicities, religions, and colonial geographies. It is in these controversial entries that one can find a host of colonial and imperialist tropes relating to the \u2018exotic\u2019 and \u2018strange\u2019 \u2018discoveries\u2019 of European explorers, colonists, and scientists throughout the world. Yet it is also within these entries that the line between the natural world of plants and animals is blurred with the world of humanity, society, culture, non-European life and land. The unintended consequences of such depictions and descriptions is the curation of a particular perception of colonised people as strange, animalistic, and uncivilised.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Visual Representations of the \u2018Strange\u2019 and \u2018Exotic\u2019<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

The Bilderbuch <\/em>contains numerous entries on the \u201cmerw\u00fcrdige<\/em>\u201d or strange parts of the world. At times, these entries refer to a \u201cMerkw\u00fcrdiger Inselberg\u201d Bd. IX. No. 50; at other times, it refers to a mountain in Java: \u201cMerkw\u00fcrdige Berge (Bd. IX No. 74)\u201d or exotic marshland birds (Bd. IX. No. 18). In the same style as the descriptions of mountains, islands, and birds, one can find articles on \u201cvarieties of strange people: \u201cMerkw\u00fcrdige Menschen Variet\u00e4ten\u201d Bd. IX. No.59.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

 One entry discusses the discovery of a \u201cmerkw\u00fcrdige\u201d: south African woman, Sarah Baartman, who had been kidnapped and put on display in Paris where she later died in 1816 (Abb. 1). The article does not offer Sarah\u2019s name to the reader. Rather, Sarah is described as grotesque curiosity\u2014a sexualized object.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cDie unter dem Namen der Hottentotischen Venus in Paris ber\u00fchmt gewordene und daselbst 1816 gestorbene S\u00fcdafrikanerin, geh\u00f6rt zu der Boschimansrasse, wo die Weiber sich durch einen sonderbaren Vorsprung der Hinterbacken auszeichnen. Dieser Vorsprung besteht aus blo\u00dfem Fett und ist so stark, dass, nach der Erz\u00e4hlung der Reisenden, die M\u00fctter ihre kleinen Kinder darauf setzen und tragen.\u201c<\/p><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n

In the months after her death, Sarah\u2019s fetishized body was put on display in the Museum of Natural History in Angers, France. A cast of her body as well as her skeleton stood next to other so-called merkw\u00fcrdige<\/em> curiosities from the colonial world.  She remained on display until 1974.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Just as the Museum of Natural History in Angers made no distinction between Sarah and other \u2018natural wonder\u2019s, neither did the Bilderbuch<\/em>. Indeed, the distinction between typical natural wonders like tropical birds or large Himalayan mountains, and human beings like Sarah is practically non-existent in the Bilderbuch<\/em>. Accordingly, the imaginations and intellects of the book\u2019s child and adult readers were directed toward a set of tacit assumptions concerning the relationship between race, geography, and nature. The non-European world in the early-eighteenth century was bizarre, untamed, and animalistic. Non-European \u2018people\u2019 and animals were both parts of this same world, lacking the kinds of distinctions one would find in descriptions of the cultural differences between people from \u00d6sterreich and Preu\u00dfen. The dignity of cultural distinction is replaced by the indignity of amusement and wonder towards the strange, beautiful, and grotesque offerings of the uncivilised world. Racism is either implicitly or explicitly stated\u2014it is always directed at persons like Sarah and never at European colonists, explorers or scientists. This racist sentiment manifests in a number of forms, including in the Bilderbuch<\/em>\u2019s entries on colonial places and geographies.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The Trope of Discovery<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

 <\/em>In many entries you can find descriptions of places discovered by explorers. For example, the \u201cdiscovery\u201d of \u201ccap de bonne esp\u00e9rance, on the cape of south Africa.[1]<\/a> This entry discusses the discovery of the place and its colonisation by the Portuguese, and eventually the English. The description of the town\u2019s \u2018discovery\u2019 mentions nothing about who inhabited the area before. The absence is informative. Accordingly, this Capstadt is depicted as a place waiting to be discovered and colonised; it was empty territory\u2014terra nullius<\/em>\u2014another colonial trope.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

With its description of the Capstadt\u2019s geographical location in modern day South Africa comes a telling description of the town established there: \u201cDie ansehnlichsten Geb\u00e4ude sind das \u00f6ffentliche Krankenhaus, das Sklavenhaus, der Kornspeicher, die reformierte Pfarrkirche, das Rathaus, und das Schiffswerft.\u201d<\/em> Each of these buildings, which are noted in terms of their significance, capture a colonial mindset. The metric for what makes a place noteworthy is the extent to which it has been tamed, seized from nature, and  – in the perspective of the colonizers \u2013 \u201ccivilised\u201d. To this end, the Sklavenhaus <\/em>is mentioned with the same passivity as the other buildings\u2014it is taken for granted, treated as part of the colonial infrastructure of the town, and normalised despite being antithetical to European notions of liberty. Liberty, however, is reserved for people, and slaves, according to the colonial system of the day, were not people\u2014the Capstadt is a reflection of this philosophy of dehumanisation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The accompanying picture of the town is drawn from a perspective that shows off the clean lines and grid of the small town with its European buildings (Abb. 3). The last line in the entry states: \u201cDie Einwohner der Capstadt, welche Freib\u00fcrger genannt werden, sind fleissig, gesellig, und gastfrei.\u201d The Freib\u00fcrger<\/em>, in this case, refers not to any locals, but to the settlers who inhabit the town. Again, the only nod to the people who lived there before European settlement is implied by the existence of the Sklavenhaus<\/em>. Evidently, the true locals fit in only as slaves. Whoever lived there before Europeans arrived is absent in the entry, they are erased.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u2018Race\u2019 and the Erasure of Culture<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

In the Bilderbuch<\/em>,entire cultures are discussed without any clear concepts to guide their description. One entry will praise, with fascination and even admiration, the Javanese natives, while another entry will describe in animalistic terms, the \u201craces\u201d of Africans. Notions of beauty are used as metrics for the extent of their humanity. Accordingly, some \u201craces\u201d are somewhat beautiful or intriguing to the author, while others are simply \u201cgrotesque.\u201d The ascription of culture to the various \u201craces\u201d depicted in the entries of the Bilderbuch<\/em> is inconsistent and arbitrary. At times culture is mentioned, and at others it is subsumed in racialized, scientific language. Just as people are erased, so are cultures. In the most egregious cases, entire cultures are described not in terms of what they do, their customs, beliefs, or shared values, but by their racialized features and the ways in which these features make them desirable, not as partners or friends, but as slaves. Different groups are compared in terms of their physical features, beauty and temperament, always using gross generalisations that arbitrarily mix humanising and dehumanising language:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cWir teilen hier aus dem interessanten Reisewerk der Engl\u00e4nder Denham, Oudney und Clapperton, acht Abbildung verschiedener N…st\u00e4mme [gel\u00f6schte rassistische Fremdbezeichnung, Anm. d. Her.] mit, welche alle sogenannten Sudan wohnen. Die Leute in Bornu, die sich selbst Konowry nennen, haben gro\u00dfe ausdruckslose Gesichter, flache N…nasen, einen sehr gro\u00dfen Mund mit guten Z\u00e4hnen und hohe Stirnen. Von Natur sind sie furchtsam und keineswegs kriegerisch. Die Bewohner von Loggun sind h\u00fcbscher und kl\u00fcger, als die Bornuer, ihre Nachbaren, besonders die Frauen, auch haben sie einen besseren Anstand als alle N…. Die hier abgebildete Frau, namens Funha<\/em>, fiel den genannten Reisenden als eine der sch\u00f6nsten und angenehmsten unter der Menge auf, die sich neugierig herbeidr\u00e4ngte und Geschenke zu erhalten w\u00fcnschte\u201c (Abb. 5\u20138, N…st\u00e4mme aus dem innersten Afrikas, Bd. XI. No. 59).<\/p><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n

It is in these racialized descriptions of the anatomical features of different \u201craces,\u201d interspersed between encyclopedic entries on birds and tortoises, that the Bilderbuch f\u00fcr Kinder<\/em> forwards an epistemology of the colonial world that presents non-Europeans as mere specimens that can be organised into an encyclopedia. The effect of this style of presentation is that entire groups of people, their cultures and outward characteristics, are presented as organizable scientific features\u2014a style of presentation that would persist in the entries of anthropological books written decades later\u2014the riches and complexities of culture reduced and erased by a desire to describe life in the simplest scientific terms..<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Enlightened \u2018Knowledge\u2019<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

The Bilderbuch <\/em>is an artifact of its time, a trace of a European way of seeing and knowing. The emergence of books and encyclopedias outlining and introducing their readership to exotic worlds, cultures, people, plants and animals was common across Europe at the end of the eighteenth century. This period\u2014the period in which the Bilderbuch <\/em>hit the market\u2014was the Aufkl\u00e4rung <\/em>(Enlightenment), during which the organisation and systemisation of knowledge was a central task for scholars and thinkers across Western Europe. The Bilderbuch <\/em>employed an Enlightenment aesthetic of systemisation which had grown in popularity and appeal; however, it packaged this aesthetic into a picture-book format aimed at children. Within its pages, one can find many curious examples of this style. At times the entries seem innocuous, at other times they are deeply problematic. It was, therefore, under the auspices of amusement and education that the Bilderbuch <\/em>offered its readers an epistemic presentation of the natural world and the people and cultures who are depicted as its constitutive parts. What is presented as harmless topics of interest and curiosity turns out to shed light on a growing perception of the non-European world as a place of wild nature; rather than the domain of other people, cultures, ideas and values, the colonial world is depicted as exotic, grotesque, and uncivilised. In this sense, the Bilderbuch <\/em>played a special role in fostering a certain kind of \u2018colonial imagination\u2019 in which Western prejudices bled into the \u201cconcise scientific explanation[s] appropriate to a child\u2019s intellect.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Abbildungen<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"A
Abb. 1<\/strong>. \u2013 \u201eJavanesen Affen\u201c<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n
\"A
Abb. 2<\/strong>.  \u2013 \u201eMerkw\u00fcrdige Menschen\u201c<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n
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Abb. 3<\/strong>. \u201eDie Capstadt auf dem Vorgebirge der Guten Hoffnung\u201d Bd. IX. No. 35.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n
\"A
Abb. 4<\/strong>. \u2013 Another example of a colonies depicted with grid systems: See, https:\/\/haab-digital.klassik-stiftung.de\/viewer\/image\/896619591\/247\/<\/a>; https:\/\/haab-digital.klassik-stiftung.de\/viewer\/image\/896619591\/403\/<\/a><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n
\"A
Abb. 5<\/strong>. \u2013 Illustrations depicting racialized features.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n
\"A
Abb. 6<\/strong>. \u2013 offers a comparison of the depiction of birds to people.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n
\"A
Abb. 7<\/strong>. \u2013 drawn from \u201eN\u2026st\u00e4mme aus dem innersten Afrikas.\u201c<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n
\"A
Abb. 8<\/strong>. \u2013 depicts the role of servitude assigned to colonised people.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

All of these images as well as the entire collection of the Bilderbuch <\/em>are available as digitized open sources. They can be found at haab-digital.klassik-stiftung.de<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Endnotes<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

[1]<\/a> \u201eDie Capstadt auf dem Vorgebirge der Guten Hoffnung\u201d Bd. IX. No. 35.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Friedrich Justin Bertuch\u2019s Bilderbuch f\u00fcr Kinder Nathan Deschamps Disclaimer: This article references racist language and appelations. By 1790, Friedrich Justin Bertuch (1747\u20131822) was well on his way to building one of the most successful publishing companies of the late-eighteenth and early-nineteenth century in Germany. Der Verlag des Industrie-Comptoirs was based in Weimar and operated out…<\/p>","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":5,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-144","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"http:\/\/decolonize-weimar.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/144","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"http:\/\/decolonize-weimar.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"http:\/\/decolonize-weimar.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/decolonize-weimar.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/decolonize-weimar.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=144"}],"version-history":[{"count":9,"href":"http:\/\/decolonize-weimar.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/144\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":656,"href":"http:\/\/decolonize-weimar.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/144\/revisions\/656"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/decolonize-weimar.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/5"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"http:\/\/decolonize-weimar.org\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=144"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}